Turish Visions For Sustainable Renewable Energy Environmental Sciences Essay

To twenty-four hour period, the universe is confronting spectacular environmental ch every(prenominal)enges. globular heating and mood alteration, ozone depletion, loss of biodiversity, dirt eroding, and communicate and H2O pollution be nomadic jobs with wide-ranging impacts on humans populations. In assenting to environmental jobs, there argon besides sombre protective cover issues associated with the large-scale example of dodo and nuclear enclosureinates. Tensions arise from depletion of mundane dodo fuel resources,4 dubiousnesss in heartiness financial surveys and postcode availability,5 geopolitical tenseness ca apply by the concentration of oil and gas resources in a few parts of the universes and the hazard of atomic proliferation endangering global security.6 political force per unit atomic number 18as environing fossil fuels can keep to unrest, government alterations, and evening war.These offer of aff personal line of creditss can take to extreme s ocietal hardships.7 at that placefore, increasing brawniness security hazards be a tour concern for veritable and ontogenesis states alike(p)wise. federal agency security has, hence, returned to the make it of the international docket like in the 1970s8 and now is considered one of the near of import challenges to the universe s pink of my John and security.The constituted expertness look-alike is neatenly incapable of work pushover these important political and societal jobs. This state of aff denudates has called for a paradigm displacement in goose egg insurance. As a aff stress of fact, a paradigm displacement in the proposes of nix form _or_ system of government is presently pickings topographic point towards security of supply and clime change.7 Sustainability is one of the cardinal constructs of the bracing paradigm. Cost-efficient, sustainable muscle constitution should take to cut kill power usage before seeking to reach out into the staying re gard by the cleanest means realistic.The planetary tendency at the minute is towards the efficacy projects create around the undermentioned hierarchy in free might options from the most sustainable to the to the lowest degree sustainable9* faculty preservation improved qualification efficiency and rational usage of vital force* Increasing usage of re in the rawable beginnings* Exploitation of un-sustainable resources utilizing low-carbon engineeringsThe displacement to re sassyable, cipher-efficient and low-carbon engineerings driven by dexterity security and clime alteration concerns is doing progress although at a slower gait than desired. A rush from fossil fuels to a non-carbon-based economic system testament to a greater extent than(prenominal) likely occur, over the longer-term. ball-shaped Trends in renewable musclerenewable sinew, which constitutes one of the three of the essence(p) pillars of the new capacity paradigm,10 has become a high precedence amon g energy policy schemes on a planetary graduated table. In most states, depending on the on-going paradigm alteration, renewable energy policies are germinating rapidly11 Many states are in the mathematical operation of deregulating and reconstituting their electric situation industries. The cardinal passing of the universes energy grocerys has begun.As illustrated in Table 1 and 2, a build of developed, transiting states, and developing states have already adopted some type of policy to advance renewable force-out generation. The most common existing policy is the feed-in law13 ( feed-in duties ) , which has been enacted in many states and parts in recent old ages. There are many early(a) signifiers of policy bear out for renewable mogul generation, including renewable Portfolio Standards ( RPS ) policies, direct capital investing subsidies or discounts, revenue sweetener inducements and credits, gross revenues revenue enhancement and value added revenue enhancement ( bat htub ) freedoms, direct production payments or revenue enhancement credits ( i.e. , per kWh ) , unripened certification trading, net metering, direct customary investing or funding, and public competitory command for specified measures of government agency coevals.In at least 66 states worldwide, policy tag for renewable energy have been implemented. include among these states are all 27 European Union states, 29 U.S. provinces ( and D.C. ) , and 9 Canadian provinces.14 Table 3 demonstrates that most tag are for hatfuls of electrical energy production, old energy,15 and/or concluding energy16 by a specific day of the month. Most marks aim for the 2010-2012 timeframe, although an increasing figure of marks aim for 2020. There is now an EU-wide mark of 20 per centum of concluding energy con make senseption17 by 2020, and a Chinese mark of 15 per centum of primary energy by 2020. Most states have set high ends for the use of renewable energy by the center of the century, but prese nt twenty-four hours use of renewable beginnings of energy is dominated by developed states much(prenominal) as the fall in States, Germany, Spain and Denmark, every spot good Brazil and China, the taking developing states. hydroelectric power is the dominant renewable energy due to its widespread usage but publicize flow energy and solar power are fast turning signifiers of renewable energy beginnings.The European Union ( EU ) is soon taking planetary action in speed uping the passage to renewable energy and a low-carbon economic system. Harmonizing to the European slide fastener Commissioner Andris Piebalgs, we are at the beginning of 3rd industrial revolution the rapid growth of an wholly new energy system. We can anticipate a monolithic displacement towards a carbon-free electricity system, immense force per unit airfield to cut down energy usance and fatherance on the primer coat of renewable electricityThe EU is heading towards the three Industrial renewing by doing some binding committednesss. On March 2007, European leaders signed up to a adhering EU-wide mark to beginning 20 % of their energy demands from renewables such as biomass, hydro, air current, and solar power by 2020. On 23 January 2008, the European Commission put frontward diverseiated marks for each EU member province, based on their several per capita GDP. As portion of the overall mark, accomplishing at least 10 % of their conveyance fuel ingestion from bio-fuels is a adhering minimal mark for each member province. beneath President Obama, the United States is besides increasing its trust on thousand energy 25 % of its electricity is to be generated from renewable energy beginnings by 2025. As a effect of these new policies, planetary investing in renewable energy and the installed renewable energy of the universe has progressively large(p) over the past decennary, as illustrated in count ons 1-4. 14Harmonizing to REN21 Renewables Global experimental condition pro mulgate, many indexs of renewable energy have shown dramatic additions in the 2000s. annual renewable energy investing has reached $ 120 billion in 2008. Global power subject from new renewable energy beginnings ( excepting big hydro ) spread out to 280 GW in 2008 a 16 per centum rise from the 240 GW in 2007 and a 75 per centum addition from 160 GW in 2004, as illustrated in Table 1. The top six states were China ( 76 GW ) , The United States ( 40 GW ) , Germany ( 34 GW ) , Spain ( 22 GW ) , India ( 13 GW ) , and Japan ( 8 GW ) . The capacity in developing states grew to 119 GW or 43 per centum of inherent with China ( little hydro and air current ) and India ( air current ) taking the addition. A important milepost was reached in 2008 when added power capacity from renewables in both the United States and the European Union exceeded added power capacity from conventional power ( including gas, coal, oil and atomic ) and renewables represented more(prenominal) than 50 % of sum added capacity.Harmonizing to European Photovoltaic Indus decide Association ( EPIA ) , planetary installed solar photovoltaic power grew by 44 per centum in 2009 funded by German subsidies. The planetary solar photovoltaic electricity ( PV ) market counted an trim addition in installed capacity of about 6.4 GW in 2009, making a entire capacity of over 20 GW worldwide. This has been the most of import yearly capacity addition of all time and is peculiarly impressive in visible radiation of the hard fiscal and economical fortunes during the past twelvemonth. Germany was the largest demand market last twelvemonth, adding 3 gigawatts ( GW ) , followed by Italy, Japan and the United States. Germany will probably stay biggest demand market in 2010, ing to the EPIA. In 2010, planetary tive installed PV capacity is expected grow by at least 40 % , while the growing is expected to increase by more than 15 % . Despite strong growing, solar power still provides merely well-nigh 0.5 per cent um of planetary installed electricity capacity.Among new renewables ( renewables excepting big hydropower ) , wind power was the largest add-on to renewable energy capacity. Since 2000, air current power has the highest capacity of all renewables.The Global Wind cipher Council announced that the universe s air current power capacity grew by 31 % in 2009, adding 37.5 gigawatts ( GW ) to convey entire initiations up to 157.9 GW. The chief markets driving this important growing traverse to be Asia, North America, and Europe, each of which installed more than 10 GW of new air current capacity in 2009. China was the universes largest market in 2009, more than duplicating its air current coevals capacity from 12.1 GW in 2008 to 25.1 GW at the depot of 2009 with new capacity add-ons of 13 GW. A freshly added capacity of 1,270 MW in India and some smaller add-ons in Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan make Asia the biggest regional market for wind energy in 2009, with more than 14 GW of new capacity. The U.S. air current energy market installed about 10 GW in 2009, increasing the state s installed capacity by 39 % and transportation the entire installed grid-connected capacity to 35 GW. Europe, which has traditionally been the universe s largest market for wind energy development, continued to see strong growing, besides transcending outlooks. In 2009, 10.5 GW were installed in Europe, led by Spain ( 2.5GW ) and Germany ( 1.9 GW ) . Italy, France, and the UK all added more than 1 GW of new air current capacity each. 39 % of all new capacity installed in 2009 was wind power, followed by gas ( 26 % ) and solar photovoltaic ( 16 % ) . Europe decommissioned more coal and atomic capacity than it installed in 2009. Take together, renewable energy engineerings account for 61 % of new power bring forthing capacity in 2009. As demonstrated, the air current energy industry has emerged as a major growing sector in a figure of states.Among developing states, China and India are p rogressively playacting a major function in both the fabrication and installing of air current energy. While taking air current turbine makers are based in industrialized states like Denmark, Germany, and Spain, India and China have caught up really rapidly- both through edifice up their ain air current industries and through support for air current energy deployment. inwardly the last decennary, they managed to come on from holding no air current turbine makers to hosting taking companies capable of fabricating whole air current turbines. It should be emphasise that these states can function as of import illustrations of how leapfrogging19 is possible in footings of industrial development and engineering acceptance in the energy sector. jokester s Renewable nix Policies and Schemes turkey has significant renewable energy potency. Renewables make the second-largest part to domestic energy production and ingestion after coal.20 ( See depend 5 ) 21 However commercial usage of re newable energy in flop, excepting large-scale hydropower, has non developed in proportion to its big resource base. Renewable energy usage has been dominated by big hydro and biomass ( largely wood and animate being wastes ) .20 The immense potency of flop in renewables like air current, solar, and geothermal has non been employ expeditiously until recently22. ( See Table 4 & A Table 5 ) 23 Unfortunately, the usage of new renewables ( renewables excepting big hydro ) is hence still highly limited because of low growth.24 Although the absolute value of renewable energy usage grows, its portion of the Total Primary postal code Supply ( TPES ) does non increase since it does nt turn in proportion with energy ingestion as illustrated in Figure 6. So, the portion of fossil fuels continues to increase.24In the particular that Turkey continues prosecuting the same policy, it is more likely that renewable portions will go on diminishing instead than increasing. Just as, entire portio n of renewable in TPES has declined depending on, chiefly, diminishing biomass usage ( Table 5 ) 23 and the turning function of natural gas in the system. It has been estimated that the portion of renewable energy will diminish to % 9 of TPES in 2020.20 As illustrated in Figure 7, the portion of installed renewable capacity in entire installed capacity dramatically decreased in the last decade.25 In add-on, Turkeys extremely supply-oriented energy policy dominated, with accent placed on guaranting extra energy supply to run into the turning demand, while the sustainability threadbares remained a lower precedence.Turkey is presently go about with serious environmental and energy security challenges. As illustrated in Figure 8, the portion of imported fuels continues to increase and more than approximately 70 % of the entire primary energy ingestion in the state is met by imports.25 And as illustrated in Figures 9 and 10, entire CO2 emanations are quickly increasing.25 skill streng th remains excessively high in comparing to the other OECD Countries.26 Therefore, environmental and energy security hazards continue to increase in Turkey. Turkey s energy state of affairs is obviously unsustainable and in try with the emerging energy paradigm every bit good as with modern-day planetary energy tendencies. Changing these unsustainable forms is one of the chief challenges for Turkey. It is clear that the bing renewable energy potency must be realized in a sensible clip period. It is a measure in the undecomposed way that determination shapers in Turkey have already on the docket to use hydro and renewable resources such as air current, and geothermal energy to run into in demand in a sustainable mode.Recently, advancement has been made with respect to renewable energy ordinances. The galvanisingity securities industry uprightness, which was enacted in March 2001, authorized the vigour Market Regulatory effect ( EMRA ) to take the necessary travel to advance t he use of renewable energy resources27. The First Renewable talent law of nature No. 5346, entered into force in 200528. The Renewable nothing Law was a cardinal measure for gripe uping the state s decentralized renewable energy sector. However, much more still needs to be done. It is an pressing demand to fail the state s Renewable Energy Strategy. Turkey is besides seeking to take new stairss for exciting renewable energy usage and investings to speed up the passage to renewable energy. adjacent the passage of the Renewable Energy Law No. 5346 in whitethorn 2005, investor involvement in the renewable energy sector has risen distinctively29 This is particularly the instance in relation to the coevals of electricity through hydro workss and air current farms22. A crisp addition in the figure of license appliers for renewables has occurred. Despite a rise in the Numberss, the involvement in renewable energy undertakings was hindered by the loaners reluctance because of the unc ertainness in the purchase warrants. As a consequence, the authorities introduced an of import series of amendments in 200730 and 200831. The amendment to the jurisprudence in May 2007 secured a changeless purchase monetary value for all types of renewable beginnings. Current inducements to advance renewable energy by The electricity Market Law with No. 4628 and Renewable Energy Law with No. 5346 are shown in Table 6.32 Following these amendments important advancement has been made. As illustrated in Table 7, a sum of 601 renewable undertakings with a capacity of 15500 MW have been licensed by 2009.22 The attempts successfully resulted in significant additions in the air current and geothermic capacity, as illustrated in Figures 11-12. However, as Tables 4 and 7 demonstrate22 solar capacity has non developed and it clearly needs farther publicity. Therefore, a Draft improvement to the Renewable Energy Law has upstart been prepared in order to supply farther inducements to the renewable energy sector. This Draft Law will turn to issues such as the finding of different purchase monetary values for the electricity produced from different types of renewable energy, simpler trade mechanism for renewable pool, and extra support in ness electro-mechanical equipment manufactured in Turkey. Harmonizing to this Draft Law, different monetary values changing from Euro Cent 5 /kwh t0 Euro Cent 18 /kwh w e applied to the purchase of eleetricity depending on the type of renew. able energy resource used ( seeTable 8 ) .32 It is considered to be a more lifelike attack than the Renewable Energy Law since it contemplates the application of higher and different monetary values depending on the type of renewable energy resources, and therefore, responds better to the demands of the sector. The purpose is chiefly to spread out the use of solar energy for bring forthing electrical energy in Turkey. However, the put out Amendment to the Renewable Energy Law has yet to be impl emented. The Draft Amending Law was supposed to go through the content General Assembly on June, 2009. But it was hang to reconsider purchase monetary values because it would make an excess demoralise on the exchequer. It is still under treatment in the Turkish National General Assembly.Turkey is besides now at the phase of puting marks for renewable energy development. The Higher Board of Planning adopted the Electric Energy Market and Supply Security Strategy Paper 33 in May 2009. In this Strategy Paper, the long term primary mark is to guarantee that the portion of renewable resources in electricity coevals is increased up to at least 30 % by 2023. This scheme papers was published as a general route exemplify to increase the portion of renewable energy in electricity coevals. inwardly the model of the Strategy Paper, long term attempts will take into attachment the following marks by 2023* Ensure that available technically and economically hydro- electric potency is to the full utilised,* Increase installed weave energy power to 20,000 MW,* Commission all geothermic potency of 600 MW that is presently considered as worthy for electric production,* Generalize the usage of solar energy for bring forthing energy and guarantee maximal use of state potency,* Follow and implement fast technological progresss in the usage of solar energy for electricity coevals,* Amend consequently the Law No. 5346 to promote coevals of electricity utilizing solar energy,* Prepare and bring forth programs that will take into history the possible alterations in use potencies of other renewable energy resources based on technological and legislative developments and in instance of additions, use of such resources, portion of fossil fuels and peculiarly of imported resource, will be reduced consequently.Recently, the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources prepared its Strategic Plan covering the period mingled with 2010 and 2014.25 Increasing the portion of renewable e nergy resources is one of the programs ends to supply energy supply security.Near-term marks are the undermentioned* The hydro electricity programs of 5,000 MW under construction will be completed by 2013.* The air current works installed capacity, which was 802.8 MW as of 2009, will be increased up to 10,000 MW by 2015.* The installed capacity for the geothermal works will be increased from 77.2 MW in 2009 up to 300 MW by 2015.Both of this long term and close term scheme programs are non, on their ain, lawfully adhering. It is, nevertheless, expected that their commissariats will be incorporated into future ordinances and statute law.ConsiderationsAlthough Turkey has important renewable energy resources for electricity production, this potency has non yet been used expeditiously. The legislator in Turkey has interpreted of import stairss in order to advance the usage of renewable energy resources in the production of electricity and to promote the investings in this market. However , Turkey is doing relatively slow advancement in the realisation of its purposes of renewable energy. The ground for this is that policies and steps adopted in the state taking to heighten the usage of renewable energy beginnings are chiefly driven by the demands of the EU portal process. It seems that Turkey could nt impute the new energy paradigm specifically plenty, although it has fightnt to the EUs ordinances. First of wholly, the paradigm alteration should right be understood and internalized by the Turkish authorities. This would let the authorities to put up a heavy and institutional model conducive to this new energy paradigm, draws up the specifications of what the energy system of the hereafter should look like, and formulate policy following the new energy paradigm. Second, the administrative staff should be educated and trained on how to implement and internalise the new energy paradigm, because one of the cardinal facets of this procedure is a conceptual re-inven tion of how energy ingestion and production is done and how the link establishments operate.Turkey should set about comprehensive attempts to get rid of the failings in its policies and ordinances and how they are implemented. It is a race against the clip as prima states compete with each other in this race towards the Third Industrial Revolution. If Turkey does nt desire to lose out on the Third Industrial Revolution, and if it wants to pick up up with taking developing states, such as China and India, which managed to follow up with the developed states, it should instantly speed up the passage procedure to renewable energy.Technological leapfrogging is one of the ways to accomplish this goal.34 From a conventional point of position, developing states passively adopt engineering as standard merchandises, which have been developed in industrial states. However, leapfrogging represents an attractive option for these late industrializing states. The function of technological leap frogging within a sustainable development context35 is non automatic, since leapfrogging tout ensemble does non vouch or even promote prosperity. However, from a more philosophic position, it has been argued that there is, in fact, no option to leapfrogging for developing countries.36 If these states do non try to update their engineerings, they face exclusion from the planetary mainstream economic tendencies every bit good as continued want and poorness for their people. Turkey should besides non reiterate the energy history of the industrialised countries37. Similarly to the success narratives of the Indian and Chinese air current industries, leapfrogging chances whitethorn besides be for Turkey with its huge potency of renewable resources.Decision shapers in Turkey should internalise the construct of leapfrogging as an built-in portion of their renewable energy imagery and should seek to implement its many possible applications. However, in order to nurture the investing of t he state s scarce resources available for advanced engineerings, as is the instance in most underdeveloped states, and to separate between fortunes where leapfrogging may or may non be successful, careful and elaborate analyses should be carried out.Endnotes1. Rajni Bakshi, A new energy paradigm, The Hindu, Online edition of Indias National radicalspaper, Dec. 24, 2000.2. Amulya Kumar N. Reddy, Development, Energy and Environment alternate Paradigms , retreived from hypertext dislodge communications protocol //amulya-reddy.org.in3. P. D. Rakin and R. M. Margolis, Global Energy, Sustain ability, and the Conventional Development Paradigm, Energy Sources, Part A Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, Vol. 20, No. 4, ( 1998 ) , pp. 363-383.4. Hal Turton and Leonardo Barreto, Long-run security of energy supply and clime alteration, Vol. 34. No. 15 ( October, 2006 ) , pp. 2232-2250.5. Eshita Gupta, Oil characterization index of oil-importing states, Energy Policy, Vol. 36, ( January, 2008 ) , pp. 1195-1211.6. James P. Dorian, Herman T Franssen and Dale R. Simbeck, Global challenges in energy, Energy Policy, Vol. 34, No. 15 ( October, 2006 ) , pp. 1984-1991.7. Valeria Costantini, Francesco Gracceva, Anil Markandya and Giorgia Vicini, Security of energy supply canvas scenarios from a European position, Energy Policy, Vol. 35, No. 1 ( January, 2007 ) , pp. 210-226.8. William J. Nuttall and Devon L. Manz M. Totten, A New Energy Security Paradigm for the Twenty- First Century, EPRG Working Paper, retrieved May 1, 2010, from hypertext reposition protocol //wwweprg.group.cam.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2008/ll/eprg0731.pdf9. Energy Policy Statement 09/03, Institution of Mechanical Engineers retrieved May 2010 from hypertext tilt protocol //www.imeche.Org/NR/rdonlyres/9C7E8DCD-150C-4ECA-A387-D71DEAAAAFAD/0/Energy HierarchylMechEPolicy.p df10. Jeremy Rifkin, Leading the Way to the Third Industrial Revolution and a New Social Europe in the twen ty-first Century, European TIR Paper, retrieved May, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol //wwwfoet.org/packet/ European.pdf.11. Roland Menges, Supporting renewable energy on liberalised markets green electricity between additionality and consumer sovereignty, Energy Policy, Vol. 31 ( 2003 ) , pp. 583-596.12. REN 2 ( Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21th Century ) , Renewables Global Status Report 2009 Update, retrieved May, 2010 from hypertext transfer protocol //www.ren21.net/pdf/RE_GSR_2009_Update.pdf13. A legal vocation on public-service corporations to buy electricity from renewable beginnings.14. REN 2 ( Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21th Century ) , Renewables Global Status Report 2007, retrieved on May 2010 from hypertext transfer protocol //www.ren21.net/globalstatusreport/g2007.asp.15. Energy that has non been subjected to any transition or transmutation procedure.16. Form of energy available to the user following the transition from primary ener gy bearers such as rough oil, natural gas, atomic energy, coal and regenerative energies.17. Sum of the energy supplied to the concluding user for all energy utilizations.18. A. Piebalgs, Energy Commissioner, European Response to energy challenges? Address at the EU Energy and Environment Law and Policy Conf Brussels ( January 22, 2009 ) , retrieved May, 20 10, from hypertext transfer protocol //www.energypolicyblog.com/2009/02/ 10/european-union-at-the-eve-of-the-thirdindustrial-revolution % E2 % 80 % 9D/ .19. Technology leapfrogging is a term used to depict the bypassing of technological phases that other states have gone trough. This is the definition used by Edward Steinmueller in the paper titled ICTS and the Possibilities for Leapfroging by Developing States, internationalistic Labor Review, Vol.140, No.2 ( 2001 ) , p. 194.20. worldwide Energy Agency, Energy Policies of IEA Countries, Turkey 2005 Review , 2005. hypertext transfer protocol //www. iea. org/textbase/npp df/f ree/200 5/turkey200 5.p df21. F. Cecen, Opportunities in Turkish Electricity Market ( May, 2009 ) retrieved May 1, 2010, from http// World Wide Web. the- Ate. org/events/c09/content/presentations/B2- Cecen- Firat-ICTAS.pdf22. Burak Dilli, General Overview of Turkish Electricity Sector Privatization & A Renewable Energy, PP Presentation hypertext transfer protocol //www.the-atc.org/events/c09/content/presentations/B2-Dilli-BudakMinistryOfEnergy.p df23. Mediterranean Energy Perspectives 2008, Observatoire Mediterraneen de lEnergie ( OME ) , 2008, retrieved April 1, 2010, from htpp//www omeenergie.com/mp-2008- 12- 5-en-335.pdf, pp. 315-378.24. Zeki Aybar Eris, , Great Wind electromotive force of Turkey, POWER-GEN Europe 2007, Feria de Madrid, Madrid, Spain, June 26-28, 2007, p. 18-26.25. The Repudie of Turkey Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources Strategy Plan 2010-2014, Ankara, 2010.26. Erdal Aa?alikoglu, Energy Efficiency in Turkey , TAIEX Workshop 25625 on Demand ramp Management in Energy Efficiency, November 22-23, 2007, General Directorate of Electric military unit Resources, Survey and Development Administration, Ankara, Turkey, retrieved May, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol //www.eie.gov.tr/ duyurular/EV/TAIEX/ taiex_sunular.html.27. Dirk Gaupp, Turkeys New Law on Renewable Energy Sources within the Context of the Accession Negotiations with the EU, German Law Journal, Vol. 08, No. 04 ( 2007 ) , pp. 413-416.28. Deger Boden, Circuit Makers , IFLR, International Financial Law reappraisal, ( June 1, 2009 ) .29. HergAA?ner Bilgen A-zeke, Turkey The New Law on Renewable Energy Resources, Environmental & A Energy, ( April 4, 2007 ) .30. Law on Utilization of Renewable Energy Sources for the Purpose of coevals Electricity, Official publishNo. 24335, dated 10.05.2005 ( Law No. 5346 ) , Last Amendment Official Gazette No. 26510, dated 02.05.2007.31. Law on Utilization of Renewable Energy Sources for the Purpose of Generation Electricity, Official GazetteNo. 24335, dated 10.05.2005 ( Law No. 5346 ) , Last Amendment Official Gazette No. 270522, dated 03.12.2008.32. Energy, Utilities & A Mining Sector, Renewables Report On the cheery side of the street* Opportunities and challenges in the Turkish renewable energy market Industries, ( August 2009 ) retrieved May, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol //www.pwc.com/tr_TR/tr/publications/Assets/Renewables_Report_On_the_sunny_side_of_the_street.pdf.33. Turkeys Electric Energy Market and Supply Security Strategy Paper with Res. No. 2009/1 1, dated 18.09.2009. hypertext transfer protocol //www.enerji. gov.tr/yayinlar_rap orlar/ Arz_Guvenligi_Stratej i_Belgesi.p df34. Hasan Saygm, Technological Leapfrogging in Energy in Developing States, Enerji, Vol. 11, No. 1 ( Ocak, 2006 ) , p. 27. ( in Turkish )35. Robert Davison, Doug Vogel, Roger Haris and Noel Jones, Technology Leapfrogging in Developing Countries- an Inevitable Luxury, Vol. 1, No. 5 EJISDC ( 2 000 ) , pp. 1-10.36. W. Edward Steinmueller, ICTs and the possibilities for Leapfroging by Developing States, International Labour Review, Vol. 140, No. 2 ( 2000 ) .37. Hasan Saygin, Zero Emission Technologies for battling Global Heating, Enerji, Vol. 11 ( Mart, 2006 ) No. 3, p. 25.