History of Furniture Design

History of furniture DesignHow did piece of article of piece of piece of piece of article of article of article of furniture develop by means of with(predicate) the centuries?Furniture (probably from the French fournir to provide) is the mass noun for the movable objects (mobile in Latin languages) think to support non-homogeneous human activities such as seating and sleeping in beds, to hold objects at a convenient apex for live using crosswise surfaces to a higher p arm the ground, or to store things.The question above is non an easy one to resolving. Going through the ages of the past it bottom easily be seen that people invented loads of different types and shapes of furniture. To try to answer this question we would collapse to go all the way back to the mediaeval multiplication. This plan in time would stool to be the st inventioning signal in this matter and the Fourteenth-Centurys Great Hall would have to be our quest A. Moving forward in the pursui t of evolution of the furniture we would coiffure across the Fifteenth-Centurys Solar ( way of life) and following that road the typical Tudor inside(prenominal) from the Sixteenth-Century in which the Elizabethan course was the strongest one to point out. A nonher victimization going forward was presented in the Seventeenth-Century in the age of Stuarts pronto followed up by the Georgian Times with its changes in the furniture art and craft. modern Eighteen-Century was known as the golden age for furniture excessively call as age of mahogany. Moving forward into the straight-laced times and drastic increase in furniture ingest and finally personate an end to the journey through the increase of furniture and settle in the Twentieth-Century and its coherent history.The pursuit of the answer to the above question will not be straight forward and it will involve getting into expound of different fashion and behaviour of people who lived in the periods presented above. The time frames would have to be examined carefully and the conclusion have to be make after comparing and reviewing examples from each period of time. The plan would be to keep the search chronically and go oer the terms of age in diachronic order. That is the best possible way to point out the differences and potential develop get tost of the furniture along the ages. The fact that people are the creators of the furniture supports the arbitrary answer to the question as all human beings are erratic and persons mind is infinite. in that locationfore the furniture build by the hand of men nominate and will vary among the time.MEDIEVAL The quest through the ages in the aim of furniture development will start in the mediaeval time. Furniture in that period was created purely to help people with day to day tasks bow was use only to eat or pee on it. It was not instaurationed to be a piece of art, it was to a greater extent of a tool. at that place was a very(prenominal) li ttle furniture in a medieval home and the piece were all of basic, utilitarian number. ace of the more or less valued items was the timberen bed on which lay the flight mattress, supported on boards or rope mesh. After the bed the authority was the most important article of furniture, the craftsmen were outrunning themselves in the decorative piercing of them. There were also cupboards for storage of food and plate. Benches and long oak solid and trestle tables were pop as well in that time, the families were big and the longer the table the more than people could eat at the same time. Practicality was the main purpose of the medieval age furniture. Great Hall was the main room where people utilize to dine and festive together. Most furniture was do of oak, boarded for the most startle and decorated by carving and painting.Medieval Trestle table Medieval powerfulnessELIZABETHAN / JACOBEAN The introduction of joined furniture towards the end of the Fifteenth-Century made possible stronger and lighter articles. In the time of the Tudor dynasty furniture was slowly becoming more varied in origination and greater in quantity. Oak was still the wood most in use and ornamentation was by carving and inlay. In the firstborn half of the Sixteenth-Century linenfold panelling was extensively shape to decorate panels for chests and cupboards. The reign of Elizabeth I (7 September 1533 24 moreovert on 1603) is a good starting point for the study of furniture. Elizabethan furniture is characterised by the bulbous leg, carved with acanthus leaf decoration (seen in beds, tables, solicit cupboards and buffets). The four-poster bed made its appearance in this ascorbic acid. The framework of tester, posts and headboard was richly carved over the entire surface. Through still not common, gos were more numerous than in the previous times.Elizabethan bedroom Elizabethan tableSTUART Furniture, as elsewhere in the house had become more adequate and convenient. to boot to the kitchen table there was always a settle, a dresser, and chairs. In the bit half of the Seventeenth-Century the carving of woodwork reached exceptionally high standard of inventorship. simple ornaments were used in carving. Most common ones were egg and dart, bead and vibrate and acanthus foliage. After the Restoration of the Monarchy (1660) furniture become more decorative but at the same time they were more useful at home. Charles II after his return to England from France brought different methods of making the furniture. Also, use of the other types of wood and the meaning of ornamentation strongly evolved at that time. Craftsmen from France were permanently moving to England and they were meliorate and implementing their way of creating the furniture to the local ones.The period between 1660 and 1750s was known in the history as the age of walnut. This wood was generally used purely due to the low cost and the colour of it. The pull of the furniture became m ore delicate and the convention of it varied. Legs were turned in bobbin vase or columnar operate or as the fiber of lathe innovation improved, in the spiral twist. The day bed appeared along with the usage of more chairs and settees. full-blooded dining tables were pushed out by the gate-leg design, card and small side tables. Upholstery was in common use for seating furniture, it was covered with turkeywork, smooth or embroidery and edged with fringe and tassels. The appearance of virgin decorative techniques (veneering, japanning, gesso, marquetry) raised the art of furniture to the next level.Stuart chair Gate-leg tableGEORGIAN The form of sheerism followed by architects during this long period changed markedly. Palladianism appeared and developed in the too soon years of this period (1714 1760). Typical English style restrained and almost unadulterated on the exterior, correct in its classical design and detail, richer, warmer and overvaliant within. The country houses of this type were set in carefully selected exteriors, nonsuch positioned in laid out parklands. The Eighteenth-Century was the golden age of the English house. The gauge of design and craftsmanship in architecture and the decorative arts had been steadily meliorate since Elizabethan times and this reached its zenith in the years 1760 1790.There was a trend in furnishing design to follow a rapidly changing florilegium of different source material. The standard of workmanship suffered due to mass labor of decorative parts based on the cost and time save background. In total, the time and patience required to train a craftsman and the money to pay him to convey a superb piece of furniture were running out and the decay of taste was imminent. The general quality of the furniture was dropping down rapidly. Due to quick increase of population stylish and stylish furniture were pushed out by simpler quicker to made designs, more efficient and less effective mass products.T he golden age was also called the mahogany age in the furniture history. Although walnut was continued in use until mid-century, other woods were also employed. After the abolition in 1721 of the import duties of West Indian timers, mahogany began to enter the country in numbers. It was a perfect wood for a furniture making industry. Strong, satisfactory for delicate carving (ribband or lyre back chairs and cabriole legs terminating in claw and orchis feet), also available in greater widths than walnut what made it ideal for veneered surfaces of larger area and for table tops. It had a beautiful patina and resistance to woodworm. In this period many new designs appeared at a glance, such as tables, chair, stools, settees, bureaux. China and corner cabinets were also ordinary, along with dumb waiters, mirrors, candle stands desks and commodes. The designs of the first half of the century were larger scale, nicely carved in classic manner and superbly veneered surfaces.1750s was th e time of the Rococo motif in furnishing, followed by Chinese and mediaeval forms. 1760s was a more delicate period trait with carved mahogany but also painted and gilded beech, harewood and satinwood tree veneers, ormolu mounts and marquetry and brass inlay. In this period more delicate furniture pushed out the heavier designs from previous years i.e. the cabriole leg was pushed out by the constrictive square leg. New items started appearing in the 70s and 80s of Eighteen-Century and Pembroke table was one of the examples.At the end of the century came the Sheraton era, displaying simultaneously strength, function and delicacy in the furnishing designs. palm tree was restrained in painting, inlay and veneer, often with metal inlay and mounting. The design was plain and mostly copied from antique originals Greece. The sofa table evolved from the Pembroke form. Chairs were characterized with by horizontal backs rather than vertical splats, and legs which often curved in sabre d esign (Egyptian or Etruscan samples). Typical of mirror design was the circular convex type. The long dining table was revived, standing on curved legs and pillared supports.1740 1750s room 1760s room (Adams Room)Pembroke table Lattice-back chair Rococo set Regency furniture (late eighteenth cent.)VICTORIAN Nineteenth-Century period. The insides of Victorian houses were in marked contrast to the previous century. superstar of the major reasons for this was the urbanization process and the migration of people from country to the cities. Also, the major branch of population forced the change in the design of the houses and its interiors. Mass- turnout methods of supplying the need led to a greater similarity in their designs, which overall resulted in a poorer level of design and workmanship. The early part of this period see machines beginning to replace hand labour, the beginning of the industrial age.This period created a large gap between the designer and the craftsmen. The f actories had changed, the designers no longer had take on contact with the customer. The new machines were introduced to take away from man the back braking jobs and accelerate up manufacture. They soon began to take over most of the work and the furniture started to be designed around what the machine could make, therefore the quality of design declined. The demand for furniture was high, the factories were manufacturing at a fast pace, and a unhinged rush for the designers to keep ahead of each other created poor quality design. inner decorative schemes were in great contrast to the Regency ones. White or light painted wood work had been re rigid by dark brown tones. Furnishing fabrics were all darker and richer in hue and most often strongly patterned. There was a strong tendency to drape materials over everything, tasselled velvet covers to tables and chimneypieces, antimacassars on the chair and sofa backs. Upholstery was heavy, button designs were very fashionable. The whol e interior was over furnished and over decorated, a profusion of stuffed birds, framed photographs, lace mats and wax fruit. Designers rather used and modified many styles taken from various time periods in history handle Gothic, Tudor, Elizabethan, English Rococo, Neoclassical and others. The clean-cut Grecian lines of the Regency period were out of favour by 1835 and everyone treasured furniture that was showier with plenty of curves. This showier furniture after 1850 led to low prices and poor construction and workmanship that was often hidden by veneer and applied ornament. The Gothic and Rococo revival style were the most common styles to be seen in furniture during this time in history.In the last 20 years of the century colours became lighter again, patterns less vivid, and fewer pieces of furniture were placed in a room. Mass production was still at its height therefore the quality and exclusiveism of the furniture started to extinct. Because of the technical progress i n the industry the interior became more casual and was supposed to be practicable more than elegant. Furniture was less attractive, it was heavier in design and often over elaborately decorated. In the late century the whole eighteenth century and the earlier style designs were copied and reproduced for a mass market. It was very hard to ensnare which the differences between the originals and the reproductions. One of the characteristic Victorian features was the extensive use of the papier mache and to a lesser degree, Tunbridge ware. The balloon back chair and the introduction of brass and atomic number 26 in the construction of the bedsteads were crucial in the Victorian furniture history. Rocking chairs were very popular along with tent beds. Plainer, more traditional furniture was made by a number of designers at the end of the century.William Morris started a rise against this trend, founding a company to demonstrate the superiority of quality oversewn furniture. Honesty of the handmade joints was his feature of construction. This lead to the Arts and Crafts Movement on the 1880s leading on to Art Nouveau. This drew attention to the merits of 18th Century furniture and led to the practice of purchasing second hand furniture and the antique shop began.Victorian chairs Victorian hall Victorian rocking chairBalloon back chair Tunbridge ware box Papier mache tableTHE TWENTIETH-CENTURY Throughout history there has been great change in furniture design, but by far the most rapid and revolutionary period of furniture history was the 20th Century. The two world wars of this century were not themselves responsible for the changes in society. The wars did however act as catalysts speeding up the processes of change. They have created specific barriers before and after the years of struggle with no chance of returning back to the previous existence. All of the above has changed peoples posture towards change drastically. After each war the position of women an d their functionality had altered fundamentally. midsection and upper class housewives found themselves without sufficient labour to run their homes as before needed to arrange labour save equipment and finishes without outer help.Interiors quickly became plain and far lesser furniture was used inside. The history of furniture design in the 20th century reflects the changing tastes and trends within the design community. The early years of 20th century design were dominated by the slow reaction from the mid-Victorian over furnished interior, were the excess of decoration taken place once again. International Arts and Crafts Movement which was quickly followed by Art Nouveau (circa 1910-1920) and Art Deco (circa 1920-1930) became more of a trend than periods in the early 20th century furnishing history.There was a great furniture demand to supply all new build houses after the wars. Machine production had to be established to cope with the needs, however this has greatly impacted th e quality of the furniture. Some excellent modern designs were manufactured in Scandinavia and in the 30s were in stages influencing the English product for the better. This flat packed furniture revolutionised the market in the whole Western Europe.By mid century Modern and contribute Modern styles accounted for the changing tastes of post-war consumers. Convenience and time-saving became more important to the whole family in the decades after 1945. After World War II, the public as a whole looked to warmer and softer furniture, organic forms, warmer products like timber and upholstered chairs. They wanted to be cared for by their furniture, feel comfortable and most of all have some luxury that had long been missing. Central heating replaced the heating of the individual rooms. These two factors, together with a rising standard of living and a desire for greater privacy for the individual members of the family led to general rearrangement and the new decor of the rooms. The reco gnition that with a central heating there was no need for a fireplace led to the fact that in most homes the TV receiver became now the focal centre. Smaller, more individual bedrooms appeared in the households.One of the most popular developments of that period was the usage of plastic textiles. In the field of plastic an extensive range of materials has become available to produce colourful, attractive, and easy to care surfaces at home. The plastic materials together with development of synthetic textile fibres, have revolutionised the decoration processes in the furniture industry. Plastics were like the vasiform steel of old, it opened up doorways for new furniture design, lightweight and versatile, designers like Joe Colombo, Vernon Panton and Anna Castelli-Ferreri stormed ahead concepting and manufacturing plastic stacking chairs, beautiful and versatile. The industrial style or Hi Tech movement developed in the 70s. The greatest advances were in office furniture and equipme nt with Olivetti of Italy leading the way. The 80s period of furniture design continued to boil down on the industrial sector. Designs were predominately commissioned for retail shopping, hospitals, restaurants, schools and hotels. The favoured materials were metal, perforated metal became popular along with steel reinforcing mesh.Designers of this period searched to find greater meaning and purpose for their furniture design. Some strange and unusual forms were explored like the W.W. Stool by Phillipe Starck a fantasy style piece of furniture that makes you question if you can indeed dare to sit on it The Soft Heart chair by Ron Arad showed how by using polyurethane foam that the choice of shapes and form was limitless Clever materials, technology and production methods meant that the only limits were the designers imagination.Going through the period of time and examining all different trends in the history of furniture few interesting conclusions appeared.Bibliography1. English Interiors a pictorial guide and glossary, Doreen Yarwood 19832. The Encyclopedia of Furniture third edition, Joseph Aronson 19653. A Century Of Interior Design 1900 2000, Stanley Abercrombie 20034. 20th Century furniture history http//www.slais.ubc.ca/courses/libr559f/04-05-st1/portfolios/G_Bahnemann/Furniture_Design.pdf5. Victorian Furniture history http//www.interiordezine.com/index.cfm/Furniture_History/Victorian_Furniture