Markets, Prices and Price Setting

Introduction The relationship between supply and demand, in terms of markets, prices and price setting, is closely intertwined, a change in one variable results into a corresponding change in other variables.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Markets, Prices and Price Setting specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For instance, an increase in price of a commodity in the market might result in a decrease in the demand for that particular item. With decrease in demand, the supply will possibly be affected (Supply and demand, n.d.). If the opposite happens, and the price of a commodity is reduced, the demand and supply will increase. The general relationship between these variables, specifically in the market for milk, is the subject of discussion in this paper. The Market for Milk This paper discusses the market for milk in various market scenarios. Like any other product in the market, milk could either be negatively or p ositively affected by existing conditions, particularly in terms of its supply and demand. Below are some of the events and how they might affect the price and demand for milk. Scientific study finds milk does a body good In the event that a scientific research results indicate that milk has a variety of benefits to the body, the demand for milk will increase significantly hence shifting the demand curve to the right. At the same time, people will buy more milk in order to obtain the said benefits hence this will result in significant increase in the quantity of milk demanded. The supply of milk will also increase due to the increased demand. However, as the demand increases, the quantity of milk supplied will not be sufficient since the people will be purchasing more milk.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There is an outbreak of mad cow disease Since mad cow disease is not t ransmitted through the consumption of milk or utilization of milk products (National Milk Producers Federation, 2012), the outbreak of this disease will not, in any way, affect the supply and demand of milk. Therefore, the demand, quantity demanded, the supply and quantity supplied will remain the same. The price of milk decreases In the event that the price of milk decreases, the demand will increase resulting in increase in the quantity demanded and the shift of demand curve to the right. At the same time, the supply will increase leading to a corresponding increase in the quantity supplied. The government decides to implement a price ceiling on milk Implementing a price ceiling on milk will affect the supply and demand for milk in various ways depending on price ceiling adopted by the government. If the price ceiling adopted by the government is higher compared to the existing price of milk, then the demand for milk will decrease. This will lead to a decrease in the quantity of m ilk demanded. On the other hand, if the government adopts a price ceiling that is lower than the existing price, then the demand, quantity demanded, the supply and quantity supplied will increase. Determinants of the price elasticity of demand There are three major determinants of the price elasticity of demand. These include availability of alternatives or substitutes, time and the item’s importance on the household budgets. They mainly influence the quantity demanded in the event that the price is either increased or decreased. Their influence on the quantity demanded is discussed below.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Markets, Prices and Price Setting specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Availability of alternatives or substitutes- when a good or service has many alternatives or substitutes, the price elasticity of its demand is expected to be greater since the customers can easily respond to the price in crease by shifting to other available substitutes. For instance, in the event that the price of cow meat goes up, the customers can shift to mutton, chicken or fish. Hence, since cow meat has many close substitutes, this may result in more price elasticity. Milk is a good example of items without close substitutes hence its demand is less price elastic. Time- when there’s a change in price of a particular item and the consumers are allowed so much time to respond, the absolute value of price elasticity of demand will be greater. For example, if the price of milk is increased today, the response will be much greater if consumers are given two months to respond and very small if they are given two days to respond. The item’s importance in the household budgets- depending on how great the item’s importance is to the household budgets, the change in price will have an effect on the quantity demanded. For instance, the change in the price of soap will not affect the quantity demanded, while the change in the price of chairs will most likely affect the quantity demanded. This is because, despite the change in price, soap (either for washing or bathing) will remain a basic necessity in the house and is more important compared to chairs. Incase you had planned to buy six chairs then the price increase is suddenly effected, you might decide to buy four chairs. But, in the case of soap, you can hardly make any adjustments since this is a consumable item that is required on a day to day basis. Type of elasticity of milk The demand for milk is price inelastic. This is because the change in the price of milk will have little or no significant effect on the quantity demanded since there are not many alternatives or substitutes to milk. Even if we consider various forms of milk, that is, whole, skimmed or organic, the change in price of one form will definitely affect the prices of all other forms. Relationship between price elasticity of demand and tot al revenue Since the price of milk is inelastic, the total revenue generated will automatically move towards the direction of the price change. In this case, the increase in the price of milk will lead to increase in total revenue. For example, assuming that the current price of milk is $1 per liter and the consumption is 1,700 liters per day, the total revenue is currently $1,700 per day. However, if the price is increased to $1.20 per liter and the consumption reduces to 1,500 liters per day as a result of this increase in price, the total revenue will be $1,800 per day. Therefore, the total revenue generated as a result of increase in the price of milk moves towards the direction of the price change. There is an additional $100 ($1,800 – $1,700) resulting from the increase in price. Conclusion From the discussion in this document, several conclusions can be made. First, various market scenarios affect both the demand for milk and the quantity demanded.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Secondly, the determinants of price elasticity of demand include time, importance of the item in the household budgets, and availability of substitutes. Finally, the demand for milk is price inelastic hence the total revenue generated moves towards the direction of the price change. This essay on Markets, Prices and Price Setting was written and submitted by user Kathleen V. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Stress and Change essays

Stress and Change essays Introduction. The presence of stress in the work organization is a problem which creates operational problems and additional costs for American businesses. The organizations in which people work affect their thoughts, feelings, and actions in the workplace and away from it. Likewise, people's thoughts, feelings, and actions affect the organizations in which they work. Organizational behavior is an area of inquiry concerned with both areas of influence: the affect of work organizations on people and people on work organizations. The slice of the organizational behavior literature this paper addresses has to do with the feelings of workers, how organizations affect them and how they affect organizations. As will be seen in the following section, we focus on the affective dimensions of organizational behavior because organizational researchers have begun to demonstrate a serious interest in moods and emotions in the workplace. The problem faced by organizations and their leaders is how to help individuals adapt to changing the workplace without developing maladaptive behaviors. Change is inevitable, and in the current business environment, the rate at which change is being demanded is also increasing. Businesses can no longer adapt business policies and practices which are suitable for regional issues, because the economy is becoming global. The organization which settles into specific patterns and practices which in the past would have successfully guided them for a generation now finds that competition half way across the world is forcing change, adaptation and innovation on a constant basis. The organization which stands still is soon left behind, However, in the lives of the organization's members, constant change is a source of stress, and the constant stress can negatively affect the organizations efficiency, and effectiveness. ...

Women's roles in society Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Women's roles in society - Research Paper Example The development of feminist’s movements and the increased awareness about the capabilities of women forced male communities to accept the identity of women in a more liberal manner. In liberal societies, today’s women enjoy the same freedom as that of men; they can work in any professions they like and engage in any activities they like. For example, Canada is the fourth country in the world to legalize gay and lesbian marriage (Dube). In other words, Canada has not shown any discrimination while legalizing same sex marriage; along gay marriage, lesbian marriage was also legalized in Canada. At the same time, it should be noted that in countries like Saudi Arabia, women are not even allowed to drive their vehicles. BBC (17 June 2011) has reported that a women was arrested in Saudi Arabia in May 2011, for uploading a video of herself driving a vehicle. â€Å"Manal al-Sherif was accused of "besmirching the kingdom's reputation abroad and stirring up public opinion", but was released after 10 days having promised not to drive again† (Saudi Arabia women drive cars in protest at ban). From the above two incidents it is evident that the roles of women in liberal societies are changing rapidly whereas in traditional societies, it remains the same. Thompson (2010) has mentioned that â€Å"jobs for women were largely limited to work as household servants during ancient times† (Thompson). Dr. Benson et al, (2010) have pointed out that â€Å"women in some cultures have been denied access to education or there may be no education system due to circumstances in their country† (Dr. Benson et al, p.359). Lack of education or denial of educational opportunities forced women in totalitarian countries like Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan etc to limit their activities within the boundaries of their house. The over influence of religion over social life is the major reason for the underdevelopment of women life in these countries. It should be noted th at even in communist China, the role of women has been changed drastically over the last few decades. Africa is a region which is famous for totalitarian or autocratic administrations. Even the African women enjoy much more freedom than the women in fundamental Muslim societies. The leadership roles women have played in the development of various African societies cannot be underestimated. The contributions of women towards the social, economic, political and educational developments of African societies cannot also be gainsaid. In fact, traditional African society attached no importance to gender issues because every individual had a role to play both in the family as well as in the larger society (Afisi, p.230) It is evident from the above discussions that the major obstacle which prevents women from development is not politics, but religion or religious beliefs. Western countries are more aware of the changing roles of women in society and they are ready to make necessary changes in their social life. As stated earlier, women in western countries can engage in all activities in which their male counterparts engaged in. For example, it should be noted that many biggest organizations like Pepsi are currently run by women CEO’s. Such things were unimaginable around thirty or forty years before. The capabilities of women in handling pressure and undertaking risky jobs are well accepted by the western societies. However, the conditions of the women in third world are not like that in the western world. In third world, women are still considered as second class citizens. â€Å"They are denied even some of the fundamental rights and privileges which are so essential for the preservation of human dignity†

An experiential Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

An experiential - Essay Example tood and in this manner, we build trust as well as compassion with each other and people spontaneously look up to my leadership with gratitude and respect, voluntarily taking part in becoming a developed community that can be well-sustained in different aspects of living. Community, in our common knowledge and as the term implies, makes typical reference to that local spot or group in which find and sense belongingness in a unified body with common goals, interests, or deeds. In it we realize the natural process of a give-and-take mechanism when it comes to allocation of social influences that correspondingly affect an individual’s response and social behavior toward the rest of community members. We may go beyond such usual notion and perceive how else a community may be defined or characterized by the emerging social attitudes which are essentially patterned after a particular origin or structure. Normally, we find ourselves bound to care with one another in a community not only because we readily understand the necessity of survival through interactive relationship but even for the natural truth in historicity where there emerges discernment of historical background that enables one person to gauge the other in terms of a continuing culture they have both lived with though at separate places and time. The mutual respect or concern established toward a cultural or religious tradition, for instance, may hold us within a sensible definition of community in which while we distinguish individual selves with unique identity to develop for personal growth, we know somewhere from the inner core that our mutuality in beliefs and principles sets us apart from certain degree of plural indifference. As a community leader, I personally advocate the aforementioned findings and believe that I can significantly contribute on promoting the essence of communication by allowing more educational and recreational programs to be conducted in order to discover potentials of each

Business Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Business - Assignment Example This report stresses that recent country-by-country study analysis of globalization reveals many surprises and interesting bits. The study shows that there are high possibilities of continued integration of economies world over as well as more than five percent increase in gross domestic products. In addition, there is enormous room for world connectedness to expand which will be of various benefits in the international business. This paper makes a conclusion that mutual respect, healthy interdependency, cross cultural communication and effective leadership are some of the most appropriate ways through which a successful Global project management can become a reality. Without the implementation of the above factors such that that leadership lacks authority, power and control over employees, then the project’s destination is failure. Using cross-cultural teams effectively in projects provides a massive source of experience as well as innovative thinking that enhance innovation and competitiveness of their organizations. Managements should also make proper efforts to eliminate communication barriers that may hinder openness and transparency in the organization. Discriminatory cultures and principles should also not find a leeway into any organization. It is therefore important that managers should also give room for innovation, creativity and motivation by offering flexible leadership.

Public Awareness of Stroke Risk Factors and Warning Signs

Public Awareness of Stroke Risk Factors and Warning Signs Introduction Stroke is defined as a sudden neurological deficit caused by impairment in perfusion to the brain (M. Bornstein, N 2009). The WHO estimates that by year 2030, 80% of all strokes will occur in low and middle income countries and high quality of health statistics are essential for planning and implementing health policy in all countries. Of all neurological diseases, stroke is the most preventable. The need to increase public awareness of stroke risk factors and warning signs has been identified as critical to addressing the large gaps in knowledge. An important aspect of improving understanding of stroke was to prevent strokes from occurring in the first place, by increasing public awareness of the risk factors (Britain, G 2009). Act F.A.S.T(face, arm, speech, time) campaign was laughed and organized by MOH in most of the countries and which has been effective in improving the public’s recognition of the symptoms of stroke . There are a lot of researches had been done to know the effectiveness of campaign and programs. This paper will review two articles to test the stroke awareness and risk factors in general population. Methods Two articles were chosen from Bio Med Central, using key words of stroke, awareness, risk factors, warning signs. The criteria were established with articles of data collection strategies, identification of the main study, full text and up to date published in between 2007 to 2008. Abstract The abstract is a brief description of the study placed at the beginning of the article about 100 to 150 words and it allows readers to assess whether to read the full articles of the report (POLIT, D. F., BECK, C. T 2010). Both articles illustrate background objective, method, results and conclusions in one paragraph clearly and concise, which stimulates the reader to read full articles. In (W Wahab, K. et al. 2008) article, author conducted the cross sectional study of ability to identify one risk factor of stroke warning sign at Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital in southern Nigeria whereas in (Hickey, A. et al. 2009) article, discovered lack of public awareness about stroke warning signs and risk factors which contribute to reducing mortality and morbidity from stroke. Introduction/Research problems Successful fundraising professionals reveal that only 10 percent of their time is actually spent soliciting major gifts whereas the other 90 percent is spent researching prospects and developing strategies. For that reason, it is extremely important for an organization to allocate resources to establish a prospect research program (Ciconte, B. and Jacob, J 2009). (BASTABLE, S. B. 2006) said an introduction should provide the reader with an understanding of how the study fits into what is already known about the research topic and provides a justification as why this particular piece of research is important. Central phenomena, concepts, the study purpose, the hypotheses (POLIT, D. F., BECK, C. T. 2010) were briefly described in these two articles. In Hickey, A. et al. (2009) article, the author has discussed needs of increase public awareness of stroke risk factors and warning signs in older adults, at higher risk for stroke with relevant references and the study was conducted across two jurisdictions the republic of Ireland and northern Ireland. In (W Wahab, K. et al2008) article, author has discussed due to the spite of high case fatality rate from stroke in Nigeria, the study was designed to assess the knowledge of warning signs in patients with hypertension, diabetes mellitus or both conditions that are modifiable risk factors for stroke. Research question Both articles have been introduced in a general way at the end of the introduction, it is worth restating it before the methods section to refocus the reader’s attention though there is no actual research question is posted nor hypothesis. Literature review (Gliner, J. and Morgan, G 2000) explained that in most journals, the introduction and literature review are together in one section which is untitled in APA format, but some journals will separate these two titles. As can see, there are no subtitles of literature review in these two articles. However, the reader felt that both articles used primary sources briefly summarize the existing knowledge, which provided a state of evidence and solid basic. Some of the studies mentioned in the literature review for both articles were consider up to date as the oldest reference is dated as 1998. Research Approach Both articles, study were conducted using questionnaire by interviewers. In Anne article mentioned the reason why this approach was adopted. (POLIT, D. F., BECK, C. T 2010) stated that quantitative researchers use several criteria to assess the quality of a study, referred to as its scientific merit. Quantitative research is identified with traditional scientific method that gathers data objectively in an organized, systematic, controlled manner so that the findings can be generalized to other situations, population which can find in these two articles. Research Design Both articles used experimental research; which maintains the greatest control over the research settings and takes the form of randomized controlled trails (RTC) where participants are randomly selected into the different groupings. The RTC is generally considered the ‘gold standard’ of study designs (Kirch, W 2008). In (Hickey, A. et al 2009) article, study involved a cross sectional survey of randomly selected community based older people in the republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. (Houser, J 2012) described that the quantitative studies, the design will detail how the subject will be selected and assigned to groups, the way the intervention will be applied, a measurement strategy, and a plan for data analysis. Ethic approval has been granted and informed consent was provided in both articles. Sample In both articles, researches used simple random sampling, which is the most basis form of probability sampling (REIS, H. T., JUDD, C. M 2000). The sample size was enough in these two studies. However (Offredy, M. and Vicker, P 2010) concludes that there are no simple rules we can apply that is the correct size sample for the research. Sample size depends largely on aims and purpose of the research, as well as the current time and methodology used to undertake the research study (SMART, J. C. 2009). In (W Wahab, K. et al 2008) article, the study was conducted at the Irrua specialist teaching hospital from January to march 2007 with 225 eligible patients was approached for the study. All participants were recruited with a diagnosis of hypertension, diabetes mellitus or both were interviewed about knowledge of stroke warning signs by attending doctors. In (Hickey, A. et al 2009) article, the study involved 2033 participants of a cross sectional survey of randomly selected aged of 65 + in the republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. Interviews were conducted in participant’s own homes asking knowledge and warning signs of stroke by trained market researchers. This article did not mention duration of the study has been conducted. Both articles declared ethical considerations and consent taken. Data Collection and Analysis In both articles, the researchers used the questionnaire that was used and re corrected in pilot study to collect the data. In (Hickey, A. et al 2009) article, no information is given as when the data was collected. But the researcher has clearly explained the appropriateness of the methods and survey data was statistically adjusted prior to analysis to avoid potential bias. Descriptive and comparative analyses were carried out using the Stata version 8.2. The chi square test was used to examine differences between the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland in recognition of stroke risk factors and warning signs. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the effects of demographic variables and the presence of risk factors on stroke. In (W Wahab, K. et al 2008)article, researcher excluded those who participated in the pilot and history of stroke to avoid bias as they have been primed to seek for information. Researcher failed to describe the appropriateness of methods. Data was analyzed with statistical package for the social sciences version 11( SPSS Inc), a very widely used computer program designed to aid the statistical analysis of data in the course of research (KEMP, R., SNELGAR, R 2006) , means and standard deviations were determined. Means were compared using Chi-Square Test to analyze variances. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was done to determine independent predictor of ability to identify warning sign from among baseline variables. Reliability and Validity Validity is the one if the obtained results are truthful and believable. In order to determine the validity, the researcher generally poses a series of questions, and will often look for the answers in the research of others to know the measurements accurately.( Kirk and Miller 1986) identified three types of reliability referred to in quantitative research, which relates to: (1) producing the same results under same measurement conditions (2) the stability of a measurement with respect to time; and (3) the similarity of measurements in a given time period. This has not been discussed by the researchers in both articles. Results Overall, both articles results was statistically analyzed and presented in a way that average reader could understand. Tables are clear and promote clarity of the text. (Hickey, A. et al 2009) article’s table 1 showed significant demographic differences between the samples. Adjusted odds ratio analysis indicates that higher levels of knowledge were significantly associated with having second level education or grater and geographic location. Less than half of the population correctly identified stroke risk factors in table 2. In (W Wahab, K. et al 2008) article, table 1 results showed that primary education was the highest educational attainment in 30.2% of the respondents. In table 2, no warning sign was identified by 60.4% while 39.6% was one sign identified. Gender (Male), 11 or more years of education emerged as the independent predictors of ability to identify at least one warning sign in table 3 on multiple logistic regression analysis. Discussion In(W Wahab, K. et al 2008) article, the authors have interpreted the findings and made comparisons with India, Australia and Developed countries studies. The authors have discussed the finding related to research questions, aim clearly and stated that their study has potential limitations as its cross sectional and hospital based nature that the results might not be completely generalized to the community. They also suggested for further community based study to ascertain the generalizability of their results and there is no obvious bias seen in the discussion. In (Hickey, A. et al 2009) article, the discussions were clearly explained the findings related to research hypotheses and analyze with US and mass media campaigns to be more effective. Limitations of their study is possible bias however the research team sought to minimize the possibility by having all interviewers receive the same training and work from a standardized script. Also suggested that need more longitudinal study investment in future. The authors had brought attentions to the National Health Service in UK system to provide a similar program me in Republic of Irelands. Conclusion The authors had suggested the need for substantial population health education with regard to stroke prevention and management is critical to a future reduction in Anne article. Recommendations were clear, relate to findings and encouraged for further study in (Hickey, A. et al 2009) article. In (W Wahab, K. et al 2008) article,conclusion were mentioned clearly includes the finding, suggestions related to aims. Also recommended to do regular community education programs through mass media, radio and television using the appropriate local language. Both articles references were accurate and well written for overall. Implementation Time is brain, May is the National stroke awareness month, a month dedicated to raise awareness about the nation’s fourth leading cause of death and disability (Stroke.org 2013). This annual event is sponsored by the National Stroke Association, intended to engage individuals, community organizations and business in the effort to educate the public about how to prevent stroke through risk factor management, response to stroke symptoms and spread hope from stroke recovery. I am working in an acute local hospital; medical unit specialized of gastro logy and neurology. From my experiences, most of the family members are not aware of stroke. Today, patient education is a topic of significant interest to nurses in every setting in which they practice. As teaching is a major aspect of nurse’s professional role, I do explore information to patient or family members regarding the stroke and awareness of stroke, risk factors provide with booklet from the hospital. There are also stroke specialize nurses in my hospital, who are giving moral support, needs for the patients and family members. Health promotion role of hospital nurses was to emphasize the need to influence, and help patients modify health beliefs and lifestyle together with disease related teaching (Piper, S 2009) The focus of care is on outcomes that demonstrate the extent to which patients and their significant other have learned the knowledge and skills necessary for independent living (BASTABLE, S. B. 2006). It is important for every nurse to teach public and learning will continue to increase in this era of healthcare reform.

Computers Impact on Physically Challenged :: Argumentative Persuasive Papers

Computers' Impact on Physically Challenged Have computers positively impacted society of the physically challenged? The answer to that question is yes. Computers have helped physically challenged people to become more independent and have better and fuller lives. The Internet has been a useful tool for these people because they can buy, sell, or read objects on the web pages. They can buy their groceries and read the newspaper on-line. Without the Internet and computers the physically challenged would have to depend on other people to help them do their shopping or reading. This paper will discuss speech and language impairments, hearing impairments, visual impairments, and mobility impairments and how computers have positively impacted each of these groups of people. First of all speech and language impairments are usually due to defects of articulation, voice production and rhythm, cleft palate speech, delayed speech development, and disorders connected to hearing impairments ("Speech", p.1). Computers have helped these people through software and hardware designed specifically for speech disabilities. One device, called a speech synthesizer, is connected to a computer or incorporated into the software. This can be useful as a training and teaching aid and also it can be used as a voice output for a non-vocal person ("Speech", p.1). This device allows a person who cannot speak, communicate to another individual through the computer. The computer speaks the words for the speech-disabled person. If the main desktop computer is not available for this purpose a portable communication aid can be used. This portable communication aid is an electronic device that has a speech synthesizer and it may be operated with a switch ("Speech", p.1). Another use of computers for the speech and language impairments is cognitive rehabilitation software. This software identifies and treats people who have suffered a stroke or some type of brain injury. The software is designed to concentrate on the detection and retaining of language function ("Speech", p.1). Michigan Memory Series of Software, provided by IBM, is a series that is useful for adults with stroke defects, closed head injuries, and other neurological problems. This series of software is also useful for children with learning disabilities, communication disorder, reading disorder, autism, mental retardation and other speech impairments ("Speech", p.1). Computers have positively impacted the speech and language impairments of people because these people can learn and communicate with others due to computers. Second, computers have positively impacted people who are hearing impaired.

Lines of Color, Sex, and Service: Sexual Coercion in the Early Republic by Sharon Block Essay

â€Å"Lines of Color, Sex, and Service: Sexual Coercion in the Early Republic† by Sharon Block is based on two women who were mistreated by their masters. Rachel Davis, a white woman, was a servant to William and Becky Cress when she was 14-years-old. Harriet Jacobs, an enslaved black woman, was a slave in James and Mary Norcom’s household. When the women reached ages 15 and 16, both their masters made sexual overtures to them, in which the women had to try and over power. Becky Cress, William’s wife and Mary Norcom, James’ wife were women who could not control their husband’s actions. Since both Becky and Mary suspected that their husbands were having a sexual relationship with their servant, they insisted that the servant left the house immediately. Even though Rachel and Harriet were removed from their master’s household, their masters continued to visit them at their new home trying to have sex with them. When Mary had Harriet sleep with her so her husband could not and so she could â€Å"protect† Harriet, Harriet said, â€Å"she whispered in my ear, as though it was her husband who was speaking to me, and listened to hear what I would answer. (140) When Mary confronted her husband about the issue, he did not stop his sexual overtures. After Becky heard William trying to kiss Rachel in the cellar, Rachel said, â€Å"she had caught him & he wd deceive her no longer, but William denied any wrongdoing and Becky left in tears. These verbal confrontations apparently did not alter William’s behavior; he continued to force himself sexually upon Rachel. † (140) These two wives show that they had no power over their husband. They confronted their husbands about the situation and all they did was deny their behaviors, which lead to Becky and Mary not undertaking any actions to put their husband’s sexual overtures to an end. If Becky and Mary really wanted their husband’s sexual relationship with their servant to end, why didn’t they remove their husband from the house? Or why didn’t they just divorce their husband? This shows how men over powered women during this time by talking their way out of dilemmas and how women did not have the courage to stand up for themselves and prove that they are right and their husband are wrong. By Rachel Davis being a white woman she had more of an opportunity to over power her master than Harriet Jacobs. â€Å"The master of the white servant was sent to prison, while the black slave imprisoned herself to escape her abuser. † (136) â€Å"In 1807, Rachel’s father found out what had occurred and initiated a rape prosecution against William, who was found guilty and sentenced to ten years in prison. † (136) Since Rachel had her father’s support and also because she was white she was very fortunate that her master ended up in jail. Even though Rachel and Harriet’s rape incidents by their masters were very similar, â€Å"enslaved women ordinarily did not have access to the protection offered by a patriarchal figure. † (143) This is unfair to Harriet because she doesn’t get the local legal system to form a criminal prosecution like they did for Rachel because she is black. Harriet also went through rougher times than Rachel. Rachel was demanded out of the household right when her mistress suspected the sexual relationship. For Harriet, Mary demanded that she left the house when she found out Harriet was pregnant. Harriet had to do this so she could get away from her master and show her mistress that what her husband was doing to her was factual. Harriet didn’t have anyone to help her end her master’s sexual overtures on her, she had to became a runaway slave, and hide in her free grandmother’s attic. Even though both the masters treated Rachel and Harriet the same way, Harriet’s grandmother could not help her lead to legal intervention like Rachel’s father did for her. During this time, women were treated with no respect just as if they were nothing, especially the black women.

Free Essays on Total Quality Management in Foodservice

TQM in Foodservice Introduction One of the most important industries overall is the food industry. The food industry consists of everything from food processing plants to fast food restaurants. The food industry affects nearly every living person. Most people don't realize how important this industry is and how it affects their everyday lives. That is why it is so critical that the products of this industry are at their highest quality, are free of bacteria and ensure that the consumer will not face any detrimental consequences. Total Quality Management (TQM) plays a big role in promising these results. Total Quality Management seems to be a confusing term for the layman. TQM is a philosophy advocated by Dr. Edward Deming, a world renowned quality guru. It was widely accepted by Japan from 1950 onward. They used this principle for continuous refinement of an organization-wide quality system. Since then many organizations around the world have adopted TQM or similar methodologies. There have been many successes and many reported failures. Success of the system depends on the total commitment of the people to quality from top to bottom within the organization. TQM implementation is based on team work and the philosophy of continuous improvement. Statistics need to be used extensively to analyze and reduce the variation in the process. In the food industry, continuous improvement is vital to the survival of a specific company or restaurant. The customer is constantly purchasing the products of competitors and any decline in quality will equal a decrease in gross profits. There are several areas that a restaurant may focus on for quality improvement such as menu offerings, hospitality, service, cleanliness, and over all food quality. All of these aspects will be covered in this paper concerning Total Quality Management. Summary Employee & Product Quality Various well known companies such as Ritz-Carlton Hotels a... Free Essays on Total Quality Management in Foodservice Free Essays on Total Quality Management in Foodservice TQM in Foodservice Introduction One of the most important industries overall is the food industry. The food industry consists of everything from food processing plants to fast food restaurants. The food industry affects nearly every living person. Most people don't realize how important this industry is and how it affects their everyday lives. That is why it is so critical that the products of this industry are at their highest quality, are free of bacteria and ensure that the consumer will not face any detrimental consequences. Total Quality Management (TQM) plays a big role in promising these results. Total Quality Management seems to be a confusing term for the layman. TQM is a philosophy advocated by Dr. Edward Deming, a world renowned quality guru. It was widely accepted by Japan from 1950 onward. They used this principle for continuous refinement of an organization-wide quality system. Since then many organizations around the world have adopted TQM or similar methodologies. There have been many successes and many reported failures. Success of the system depends on the total commitment of the people to quality from top to bottom within the organization. TQM implementation is based on team work and the philosophy of continuous improvement. Statistics need to be used extensively to analyze and reduce the variation in the process. In the food industry, continuous improvement is vital to the survival of a specific company or restaurant. The customer is constantly purchasing the products of competitors and any decline in quality will equal a decrease in gross profits. There are several areas that a restaurant may focus on for quality improvement such as menu offerings, hospitality, service, cleanliness, and over all food quality. All of these aspects will be covered in this paper concerning Total Quality Management. Summary Employee & Product Quality Various well known companies such as Ritz-Carlton Hotels a...

Medical Advancement And Predatory Criminals Essay Example

Medical Advancement And Predatory Criminals Essay Example Medical Advancement And Predatory Criminals Paper Medical Advancement And Predatory Criminals Paper Anthropological research data has shown the violence is an inherent conduct among the primate species (Walker, 2001). In society, criminal violence is a common occurrence and legislators have suggested that the behavior of criminals be analyzed in order to identify any psychological patterns that are consistent among these particular types of individuals. In the past few decades, neurobiologists have proposed that an individual’s condition, which encompasses empathy, morality and free will, is holistically influenced by the frequency of stimulation and assembly of the neurons of an individual. Such notion is contradictory to the concept of Cartesian dualism, which states that the brain and the mind are two independent entities that coordinate with each other. To date, the accumulation of research reports from the field of neuroscience is gradually affecting the concepts and effectivity of the justice system because of the shifting in the concept of human behavior and response to different stimuli. Neuroscience has influenced our current understanding of the multiple factors that govern violent behavior among criminals. The 19th century classic report of Phineas Gage regarding the anti-social behavior that emerged after massive damage of the prefrontal cortex of his brain from a railroad accident is now considered as the birth of the field of forensic neurology (Harlow, 1848). Today, computerized imaging of his fractured skull has shown that the autonomic and social nerve systems are the specific damages that were affected, thus resulting in a totally different individual. Such observation, together with research results gathered from war veterans, has led to the conclusion that violent criminal behavior is caused by injuries to the frontal lobe of the brain. It has then been proposed that injury to the prefrontal cortex of the brain causes a condition that has been coined as acquired sociopathy or pseudopsychopath (Blair and Cipolotti, 2000). It is interesting to know that there is an 11% reduction in the size of the grey matter of the prefrontal cortex among patients diagnosed with anti-social personality disorder (APD) (Raine et al. , 2000). A related observation has also been observed between intelligence and alterations in the grey matter of the prefrontal cortex. The temporal lobe of the brain has also been determined to influence an individual’s emotional response and aggression, wherein lesions in the amygdale of the temporal lobe result in an individual’s failure to recognize fear and sadness among the faces of other people (van Elst et al. , 2001). The connection between the decreased expression of the monoamine oxidase A enzyme and reactive violence has already been established (Caspi et al. , 2002). Monoamine oxidase A is responsible for the catabolism of monoamines such as serotonin (5-HT). The working hypothesis currently accepted is that the prefrontal-amygdala connection is altered, resulting in a dysfunctional aggressive and violent behavior, resulting in criminality in particular individuals. In a recent study conducted by Young et al. (2007), the association between an individual’s opinion and his corresponding actions was proven using neurobiological support that an area of the brain was responsible for such behavior. This particular area of the brain, the right temporoparietal junction (RTPJ) was observed to play a major role in an individual’s beliefs and further classifies these notions as either negative or neutral. The negative beliefs that are generated in this section of the brain thus triggers whether an individual would want to cause harm in another individual. This revolutionary concept of acknowledgment of belief is the first form of neurobiological data that describes the connection between the brain and moral judgment. Four states of mind were described to be influenced by the activation of the RTPJ, of which 3 states were harmful and 1 was neutral in outcome. The 3 harmful states of mind included intentional injury, attempted mischief and unintentional damage. In addition, the report described that an increase in the stimulation of the RTPJ generally resulted in an individual either attempting or purposely causing harm to another individual. Such stimulation of that particular of the brain is thus responsible in an individual’s judgment of morality and behavior in society. The recent report of Young et al. (2007) has motivated scientists to develop a microchip to may be surgically introduced into the brain of an individual in order to regulate the response of the RTPJ and ultimately prevent an individual from committing harmful acts. The plan of requiring the surgical insertion of this microchip into the brains of criminals and using the presence of this microchip as main basis for release or parole of a convicted criminal is unethical because this can be perceived as a form of eugenics. This field of genetics involves the active selection of individuals with appropriate features that are deemed worthy of being included in society. For several decades, there have been several attempts in selecting which individuals will be allowed to survive around the world. The principle of eugenics is mainly based on picking specific physical and anatomical features that are classified as good or bad and those individuals with poor or bad features are treated with biomedical tools in order to change their features. An extreme form of eugenics is the mass destruction of certain populations in society by another group of individuals, as was evident in Hitler’s eradication of the Jews. An advocate of the biological connection of criminality would employ the concept of eugenics in screening individuals that show a potential to show criminal and anti-social behavior. To make things more complex, the features that were described to be triggered in the brain, such as the RTPJ, may also be used as criteria in admission to schools and workhouses. An extreme reaction would even result in construction of facilities that would enclose candidates or suspects for criminal behavior. A biological discrimination would thus be observed and this unfair basis of screening individuals would create more chaos in society. Eugenics may also be translated as a screening tool in picking which criminals will be kept in prison and which individuals will be freed and this action will be mainly based on the biological features of whether the criminal may be rehabilitated or transformed into a normal non-aggressive person. The so-called degenerate individuals would be kept off the streets in order to prevent interaction with non-degenerate individuals, as well as to prevent future crimes in the community. In addition, society would be introduced to the option of strictly selecting partners for marriage because they will be taught to pick partners that show obvious physical differences from the consensus physical features of criminals. It is thus inappropriate and unethical to require criminals to have the microchip surgically inserted into their brain unless the criminal himself volunteers for this procedure. Should the criminal be given the choice, the surgical insertion of the microchip may be possible, yet the ultimate role of microchip usage in the determination of freedom of a human being is still questionable. The criminal may opt for the microchip because he knows that he will be released soon after the procedure is completed. However, knowing that all biological species evolve through time, another section of the brain may develop capabilities in triggering criminal behavior and after several decades or centuries this problem of criminality will still be around because a new region of the brain is not stimulated to cause criminal behavior among individuals. More importantly, there are also research reports that contradict the microchip concept, wherein the RTPJ is not the sole brain regions that controls the mind (Mitchell, 2008). This contradictory report thus suggests that there more research and investigations should be performed in order to better understand the connection between the brain and the theory of mind and moral judgment. References Blair RJ and Cipolotti L (2000): Impaired social response reversal. A case of ‘acquired sociopathy’. Brain 123:1122–1141. Caspi A, McClay J, Moffi tt TE, Mill J and Martin J (2002): Role of genotype in the cycle of violence in maltreated children. Science 297:851–854. Harlow J (1848): Passage of an iron bar through the head. Boston Med Surg J 13:389–393. Mitchell JP (2008): Activity in right temporo-parietal junction is not selective for theory-of-mind. Cereb Cortex 18:262-271 Raine A, Lencz T, Bihrle S, LaCasse L and Colletti P (2000) Reduced prefrontal gray matter volume and reduced autonomic activity in antisocial personality disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 57:119–127. van Elst LT, Trimble MR, Ebert D, van Elst LT (2001) Dual brain pathology in patients with affective aggressive episodes. Arch Gen Psychiatry 58:1187–1188. Walker PL (2001): A bioarchaeological perspective on the history of violence. Annu Rev Anthropol 30: 573–596. Young L, Cushman F, Hauser M and Saxe R (2007): The neural basis of the interaction between theory of mind and moral judgment. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104(20):8

When Harry Met Sally and Mark Knapp's 10 Stages of Relational Movie Review

When Harry Met Sally and Mark Knapp's 10 Stages of Relational Development - Movie Review Example This research will begin with the statement that a relationship between two individual always passes through different phases. Rob Reiner's romantic comedy When Harry Met Sally  is a movie which gives an idea about how a relationship can grow between two strangers, what are the different phases their relationship can pass through and what are the common characteristics that a relationship can have. When Harry Met Sally is a romantic movie directed by Rob Reiner, released in 1989. The main two characters of the movie Harry and Sally were played by  Billy Crystal and Meg Ryan. The movie begins with two unfamiliar persons Harry and Sally, newly graduated from the University of Chicago jointly travel in a car from Chicago to New York, a place where they would find their living. In this movie, for a period of 11 years, during the basic stage of their relationship, both Harry and Sally debated about a common fact and that was can a man and women be a non-sexual friend or not. If we ana lyze both the characters, Harry give the impression of carefree attitude, but is doubtful enough to â€Å"read the last page of a book first†; in case he dies, he says, â€Å"at least he'll know how it ends. And know-it-all Sally insists that Ingrid Bergman really wanted to leave Humphrey Bogart. From the dialogue of Sally, ''I don't want to spend the rest of my life in Casablanca with a guy who owns a bar† her attitude towards life becomes very clear and also clearly represents who she is at that point of time. It presents the story of ten years down the line when Sally had a break up with her boyfriend and Harry’s wife left him and they again become best friends. Mark Knapp's 10 stages of Relational Development and the movie Harry Met Sally: To analyze the relationship development, Mark Knapp discussed10 different stages associated with it. Adler and Rodman in their book discussed all these stages. Although it is not an interpersonal theory still according to his concept the ten stages of an interpersonal relationship are â€Å"Initiating, Experimenting, Intensifying, Integrating, Bonding, Differentiating, Circumscribing, Stagnating, Avoiding, and finally Terminating†. If one analyzes the movie When Harry Met Sally, it is very clear that relationship development not always follow Knapp’s 10 stage of development. If we analyze the movie then it is clear that out of first five stage of relationship development initiating was started when they first meet, then they were trying to find out whether a friendship among boys and girl can happen without any sexual relation, that is the experimenting phase. Later on, their friendship intensifies but it was split asunder after a spur-of-the-moment night of passion when she was upset about an ex-marrying someone else. The flow of the movie also resembles the way Adler and Rodman mentioned in their book about the flow of stages of relationship development among them. Their relationships have the stages of initiation, then integration of their thought process, and then they slowly started to like each other as their bonding grew. The main thought process which they were thinking about was related to whether friendship only related to sex or not. As they started to get involved in own personal life, slowly their interaction decreases, as mentioned by Adler and Rodman, it was the circumscribing stage. This was followed by avoiding. But when in their own life both of them separated from their partners they meet again, and during that time they do not have the necessity to start the relationship from the first stage again. Another key point associated with this movie is the self-disclosure. Self-disclosure is a key part of the integrating stage of the relationship development. When any couple reaches the integrating stage they are already very close to one another.

Ottershaw branch of Zinns Burgers and Pizza Essay

Ottershaw branch of Zinns Burgers and Pizza - Essay Example set of values, personalities, norms, assumptions, behaviors, beliefs, ideas and tangible and intangible signs of the organization in its internal and external environments of business conduct. Such tangible and intangible artifacts include organizational goals such as mission and vision. Culture is a tool for the manager to inculcate a set of values, beliefs and ideas in the employee whose vision is then transformed into that that of the organization’s vision. Thus it’s clear that at the Ottershaw branch of Zinn’s Burgers and Pizza the restaurant chain is faced with a number of organizational culture related problems. All beliefs, behaviors, values, vision, mission, personalities and so on have become outmoded. In fact it requires an overhauling sooner. According to Edgar Schein organizational culture is â€Å"A pattern of shared basic assumptions that the group learned as it solved its problems of external adaptation and internal integration, that has worked well enough to be considered valid and, therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way you perceive, think, and feel in relation to those problems" (Schein, 2004). Schein has provided one of the most thought provoking definitions to organizational culture and goes onto claim that of all the attributes of the organization, culture is perhaps the most difficult to transform. He identifies three attributes in the organization culture. Thus the restaurant needs to revamp its organizational culture related practices and initiatives. Next Geert Hofstede identified five dimensions as the basis for organizational culture (2005). A number of other scholars such as Deal and Kennedy (2000) and Handy produced their theories on organizational culture and have had considerable influence on the subsequent writings and developments on the subject. These theoretical perspectives apart there is a considerable amount of empirical evidence to suggest the significance of various elements of the evolutionary